The Sand Casting ( Green Sand ) molding process utilizes a cope ( top half ) and drag ( bottom half ) flask set-up. The mold consists of sand, ( usually silica ), clay and water. When the water is added it develops the bonding characteristics of the clay, which binds the sand grains together. When applying pressure to the mold material it can be compacted around a pattern, which is either made of metal or wood, to produce a mold having sufficient rigidity to enable metal to be poured into it to produce a casting. The process also uses coring to create cavities inside the casting. After the casting is poured and has cooled the core is removed. The material costs for the process are low and the sand casting process is exceptionally flexible. A number of metals can be used for castings in sizes from ounces to many thousand pounds. The mold material is reclaimable, with between 90 and 95% of the sand being recycled, although new sand and additions are required to make up for the discarded loss. These features, combined with the relative ease of mold production, have ensured that the green sand molding process has remained as the principal method by which castings are produced,sand casting sand iron aluminum sand casting metal casting aluminum casting bronze casting investment casting lost wax casting aluminium casting casting castings green sand casting casting foundry casting machine aluminum foundries iron investment casting bronze castings casting defects sand castings brass casting steel casting aluminum castings iron casting brass castings centrifugal casting lost wax foundries ductile iron casting vacuum casting foundry sand mould casting die casting grey iron castings mold casting gravity die casting aluminum casting foundry sand aluminum magnesium sand casting steel sand casting precision sand casting sand metal casting foundries sand steel metal sand casting casting pattern aluminum investment casting sand process casting process investment casting foundry casting manufacturing investment casting wax casting processes casting wax low pressure casting precision casting mold sand gravity casting metal castings lost foam casting steel investment casting aluminum bronze casting casting moulding gray iron casting zinc casting jewelry sand casting investment castings high pressure casting alloy casting sand machine ceramic casting casting molding magnesium casting cast iron foundry aluminum alloy casting aluminum die casting die casting company steel castings bronze foundry iron foundry ductile iron steel foundries metal casting supplies iron castings vacuum casting machine aluminum die castings pressure die casting cast iron iron ore gray iron castings iron lost casting ductile iron foundry casting moulds home foundry foundry casting molds ductile iron castings resin casting sand porosity plaster casting aluminum iron investment casting supply continuous casting magnesium die casting stainless steel casting pressure casting copper casting zinc die casting iron metal casting foam die castings stainless steel castings sandblasting cast iron sand properties sand materials sand equipment sand pressure magnesium iron investment sand iron zinc zinc-iron iron steel iron properties copper iron ductile grey iron casting nodular iron gray iron foundry nodular iron cast austempered ductile iron manhole covers mold making iron pipe cast iron pipe ductile iron pipes molds grey iron gray iron malleable iron castings ductile foundry compacted graphite iron ductile aluminum molding ductile metal sand material cast iron furniture cast iron distributors ductile steel ductile material ductile materials ductile properties ductile iron fitting ductile copper ductile metals injection molding